Krippendorff's Alpha (
α) is a generalized statistical reliability coefficient that measures agreement among any arbitrary number of raters, flexibly accommodating missing observations across any metric scale (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio); expressed as
α=1−DeDo, where
Do is observed disagreement and
De is chance-expected disagreement;
α=1 indicates perfect reliability,
α=0 reflects random chance, and
α<0 signifies systematic disagreement.